Why Do Muslims Consider Prophet Muhammad a Religious and Political Essay

Why Do Muslims Consider Prophet Muhammad a Religious and Political Role Model - Essay Example His doctrines have influenced both religious and political lives of the Muslim community through teachings of Allah as stated in the Quran. As a religious leader, Prophet Muhammad taught his followers the doctrines of his master Allah. He imparted the knowledge of what his master like and the way he expects his followers to behave (Petras & Eastman-Abaya, the Caricature of Middle East). Therefore, he taught people to forgive each other and live as united family of one father. Prophet Muhammad told his followers to revere no other master beside Allah. Therefore, his teachings about Allah have transformed his followers to trust in their god and put his teachings into practice (Legacy of a Prophet). This is one of the reasons why Muslims respect their fellow Muslims and have greater concern for their needy in the society. It is through the teachings of Prophet Muhammad that the Muslim faith was established to form a different community based on faith and principles of Allah. Muhammad introduced Quran for guiding his followers on various issues. Muslims believe that Quran was confessions of Prophet Muhammad who was reflecting the principles of Allah (Legacy of a Prophet). Since then, Quran has remained vital in learning of Islamic and teaching the Muslim followers on the will of Allah. This holy book is also essential in guiding Muslims who wish to pursue political leadership in the state. For example, Muhammad was a humble servant who never sought to enrich himself by grabbing public property (Petras & Eastman-Abaya, the Caricature of Middle East). He condemned oppression of the poor and emphasized on helping the needy in the society. The life of Muhammad has significantly influenced the lives of his followers in a number of ways (Legacy of a Prophet). Quran gives guidance on how people should relate with each other. It also directs Muslims on how remain trustworthy in marriages and businesses as stated

Control Room - a video by Al Jazeera Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Control Room - a video by Al Jazeera - Assignment Example The channel depicted the massive casualties of innocent people, which was seen as detrimental or somehow derogatory to US operations. Also, the documentary outlined alleged propagandas that America has done to veer people’s attention away from casualties of war and focus on the success of the allied forces in ousting Saddam’s regime. Based on the video documentary, it is primarily aimed to provide the world, especially their Arab fellows, a clear view of the events that have transpired during the war. It presented war-related issues and the sentiments that the Iraqi people had. Though at some point the video delivers point-of-views that might somehow be biased in nature since they are catering their network to their Arab viewers, they remained keen on providing an overview of the war at the perspective of the Iraqi people and the Arabs. Media is truly a powerful tool that can significantly contribute to the overall perspective of an individual on certain issues. For instance, members of the Al Jazeera has shown an event wherein the US allegedly done a publicity stunt to drive away attention from three incidents involving the death of media personnel to US airstrikes. One of the most notable and commendable actions that Al Jazeera took was its courage to go against the tide of all other media coverage during the war. Correspondents have been vigilant in providing its viewers with the actual events that Iraqi people are experiencing; their fear, their pain, and their struggle. However, the video also takes a direct attack on the credibility of the network on issues since some viewers may perceive their actions during the war Iraq are just propaganda to further promote conflicts between the Middle East and the US. In addition, Kirkpatrick’s article on the alleged collusion of the Al Jazeera top news director with a US official to take down two images which an involved a woman and a child who was affected by the on-going war that time. It was clearly conveyed in the video that with any kind of war, there will be deaths of innocent children, men and women; as if there is very little, or nearly absent, consideration on the lives that will be lost, families that will be broken, and communities that will have to start again from scratch after the war has ended.     

Living on Borrowed Money Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Living on Borrowed Money - Essay Example These people all amassed credit card debt while in college and are now living with the consequences. Student credit card use can cause academic failure, career damage, and a lifetime of physical ailments. Students that are forced to sacrifice their study time for employment are going down the dead end road to disaster. As a student, I can confirm that college is a full time endeavor. Working beyond that, though sometimes necessary, can only detract from your study time and result in a lowered GPA. Making extraordinary efforts to pay a mounting credit card bill will come at the expense of your academic standing. The result will be dropped classes and the potential of academic probation that threatens your ability to get financial aid. These distractions will be the recipe for a failed college experience. For those students who are lucky enough to escape college with a degree, credit card debt and missed payments can continue to haunt them. It is routine for employers to do background checks on applicants that include a credit report. Recent graduates may have a history marred by missed payments and overdue bills. Lynn Nemser, president of a leading management consulting company, says that it is assumed that people with a poor credit rating are less honest and more likely to steal ("Guess Who's Looking").

French culture 1800-1900 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

French culture 1800-1900 - Essay Example He is accredited as the founder of the impressionist movement. He is considered to be one of the most important artists in history; his contributions to art are still being viewed until today. Claude Monet’s work was showing more about the light hence he would paint subjects under different light conditions over and over as he was trying to understand the qualities of light in the natural world (Discover France 1). Claude Monet’s painting impression sunrise earned the group the title impressionists as some critics thought the group paintings were unfinished impressions. Claude Monet used various styles so that his paintings would look more alive hence to add life in his paintings which include; light, water, landscapes, water lilies and young woman with a little boy. Claude Monet used water as it had great mirrors for reflecting the trees, boats and sky. He used any type of water from oceans, rivers, lakes, or pounds. He also used light as he wanted to capture the fundamental nature of light. Claude paid more attention to how the light would strike his subject than the subject itself. In his use of landscape, if there were people seen in the scene they were often considered as mere shadows. Claude Monet spent almost twenty years painting water lilies in numerous colors, positions and styles. In his early paintings his favorites were that of a young woman with a little boy. The young wom an was his wife Camille and the little boy Jean was their son. Claude Monet loved light very much as he believed light equaled color and he always sought to add luminescence to the paintings so as to give them some of the life. He observed them by using pure spots of different colors side by side as a replacement for the gradations of the same color. These broken colors merged at a distance but they took a vibrancy not obtained by the use of hues and shades of the same color. His shadows were constructed with complementary colors of the objects in the

Relationship between organizational leadership, culture and Dissertation

Relationship between organizational leadership, culture and performance in family businesses - Dissertation Example However, there is a dearth of research regarding the extent to which the founder is able to embed strategic behaviors into family firm management and culture or the degree to which these behaviors impact the financial performance of these firms (Sorenson, 2000). Some effort has been made to examine the leadership styles of family firm leaders and the relationship of these styles to family and non-family members (Kellerman, 2008). Aldrich and Cliff (2003) suggested that entrepreneurial leadership attributes likely influenced family firm strategies, processes, and structures. Sorenson (2000) found that participative leaders achieved high performance in both the family and the business dimensions of the firm. The findings of the test hypotheses regarding performance outcomes in these studies were not conclusive regarding the effects of leadership styles on performance. Research on the leadership styles of the founder and their effect on family and non-family members may provide insight into family firm performance (Sharma, 2004). Purpose/Research Questions The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between organizational leader’s thinking and behavioral styles, its culture, and financial performance. Three family firms will be selected for this study. Participants will include current owners, founders, and family member and non-family member managers and employees. ... Preliminary Literature Review The Family Firm Although family firms have played an integral role in world economies throughout history, research into family businesses did not begin to come into prominence until 1975 (Handler, 1989). Handler's attempt to integrate the field around a common purpose by defining a family firm as "an organization whose major operating decisions and plans for leadership succession are influenced by family members serving in management or on the board" (p. 262) is characteristic of such ventures in its difficulty to operationalize. Furthermore, Astrachan, Klein, and Smyrnios (2002) have defined family business along a continuum measuring the levels of family influence across the dimensions of power, experience, and culture. Their intent is to provide an objective and standardized measurement of family involvement allowing comparison along a broad spectrum of family businesses. Sharma (2002) developed a typology which creates 72 categories of family firms b ased on the possible levels of family and non-family involvement in seven areas as identified on a firm's stakeholder map. Her intent is to develop a mechanism for differentiating between family businesses along the continuum from the publicly traded international corporation to the mom and pop enterprise. Leadership Styles For this study leadership styles specifically refer to the thinking and behavioral styles of family firm leaders. Leadership styles are divided into three composite orientations with each orientation consisting of four styles each. The constructive orientation (achievement, self-actualizing, humanistic-encouraging, and affiliative) characterize thinking and behavior that

Critical thinking Essay Example for Free

Critical thinking Essay In academic writing, an argument is usually a main idea, often called a â€Å"claim† or â€Å"thesis statement,† backed up with evidence that supports the idea. In most college papers, one needs to make some sort of claim and use evidence to support it. One’s ability to do this will separate a good paper from other papers. We use argument in everyday life to convince somebody of my ideas or opinion, convince our teachers we deserve a better grade. A better argument is accomplished if no emotion is involved. One component of argument is logic. Claims are statements about what is true or good or about what should be done or believed. Claims are potentially arguable. For example, recent tax cuts should be abandoned another is the civil war is caused by slavery. In making an argument one must use reason to support the claim. Reason is a statement that supports a given claim or in other words â€Å"why do you say that claim?† support is the evidence that we use; one example of evidence is statistics. When making an argument we must remember to use warrants which is influences or assumptions that connect the support to the claim. A very important part when making an argument is to come across to the audience as a credible speaker or arguer that has sufficient evidence, that the evidence is based on research or scholarly articles. It is important to also remember that every argument has a counterargument. Which the argument more interesting and also strong its not one that everyone agrees with.

Monochromatic and Dichromatic Light Wavelength Measurement

Monochromatic and Dichromatic Light Wavelength Measurement Monochromatic and Dichromatic Light Wavelength Measurement using Michelson Interferometer Alireza Safaripour[1] The current paper studies the theory, operation and applications of Michelson interferometer. After the introduction of the working concepts of the interferometer, the theory behind measuring the wavelength of monochromatic and dichromatic light using this interferometer is presented as two samples of its application. Furthermore, these measurements are performed on a simple Michelson interferometer using a Mercury lamp as the monochromatic light source and a Sodium lamp as the dichromatic one, and the results are compared to the actual values. The sources of errors are introduced and analyzed and finally, some sample results of Michelson interferometer are compared with the equivalent ones from Fabry-Perot interferometer. Keywords: Michelson Interferometer, Interference, Monochromatic Light, Dichromatic light, Wavelength Measurement, PACS: 95.55.Sh, 93.90.+y, 13.15.+g Introduction Interferometers are basic optical tools used to precisely measure wavelength, distance, index of refraction, and temporal coherence of optical beams. The Michelson interferometer causes interference by splitting a beam of light into two parts. Each part is made to travel a different path and brought back together where they interfere according to their path length difference. The Michelson interferometer, developed by Albert Michelson in 1881, the first American to win a Nobel Prize for science, is one of the best known of optical instruments used by physicists and astronomers [1]. It was developed to measure the standard meter in units of the wavelength of the red line in the cadmium spectrum [2]. Some of the parameters that can be measured using this instrument are: 1) the wavelength of a light source, 2) the index of refraction of a material, 3) the width of a spectral line, and 4) the Earth’s motion through the â€Å"aether†. The last item refers to the Michelson-Morley experiment, a failed attempt to demonstrate the effect of the hypothetical aether wind on the speed of light, which along with other experiments, showed that ether does not exist and that electromagnetic waves can propagate in a vacuum [3]. Their experiment left theories of light based on the existence of an aether without experimental support, and served ultimately as an inspiration for special relativity [4]. Michelson interferometer has also been used in Fourier transform spectroscopy, detection of gravitational waves and as a narrow band filter. The current paper first goes over the working principals and background theory of the Michelson interferometer and as a sample of its application, some details regarding wavelength measurements are explained. In the next sections, the procedure and results of monochromatic and dichromatic light wavelength measurement performed by the author in Optics Laboratory of Department of Physics and Astronomy at Michigan State University are presented and discussed. Theory A simplified diagram of a Michelson interferometer is shown in the FIG. 1. Light rays coming from a monochromatic source S are incident with a 45 ° angle on a beam splitter (BS) and produces two beams of equal intensity. The transmitted fraction of the beam (T) travels to mirror M1 and reflects back to BS. Half of this incoming beam is again reflected by BS and hits the screen, E. The reflected half of the original beam (R) reflects from mirror M2, and likewise, half of this ray goes through BS and reaches the screen. It is worth mentioning that since the beam splitter reflects the beams from its farther surface from the source, the portion of the rays that reflect from M2 passes through the BS three times, while the lights going towards M1 only pass through BS once. This difference can cause an unwanted optical path difference between the two rays, and to compensate for this effect, a glass surface of the same thickness and index of refraction (CP) is placed between M1 and BS. The two portions of the original beam meet at the surface and their interference produces interference fringes at the screen. The angles of M1 and M2 ­ can be adjusted to create circular, curved or straight fringes. Interference of Waves With a Single Frequency As shown in FIG. 2, looking at the screen, one beam comes from M2 and another beam seems to come from the virtual image of M1, which can be called M1. When there is a difference between the distances of the two mirrors, there would appear to be the same distance, d, between M1 and M2. Considering a beam coming from a source point S, the reflections form M1 and M2 appear to come from the points S1 and S2 respectively. The optical path difference between these two points can be found to be: where Δx is the optical path difference, d the distance between the two mirrors and ÃŽ ¸ the angle of observation. When the light that comes from M1 undergoes reflection at BS, a phase change of Ï€ occurs, which corresponds to an additional phase difference of Ï€. Therefore, the total phase difference between the two beams is where Δà Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ is the phase difference, k the wavenumber and ÃŽ » the wavelength of the light. The condition for destructive interference or dark fringes is then When the mirror separation and light wavelength remain constant, for a specific order m, the angle of inclination stays constant which results in circular fringes that are called fringes of equal inclination, or Haidinger fringes. If the two mirrors have the same distance from the beam splitter, the phase difference between the interfering beams will be equal to Ï€ because of the phase change due to reflection, and this causes destructive interference or dark fringes at the center of the field. According to equation (5), an increase in the separation distance of the mirrors, results in new rings appearing from the center at a faster rate the rings going out of the field of view, and this makes the field of view more crowded and the rings become thinner as they go outward. Similarly, when the separation is decreased the rings appear to move towards the center and as they do, they become wider and sparser. Since appearance or disappearance of a fringe means that a distance of ÃŽ »/2 has been moved, if the mirror is moved a distance d, and the number of fringes that appear or disappear is counted, N, the wavelength of the light can be found. Interference of Waves with Two Frequencies Considering the case for when there are two wavelengths, ÃŽ »1 and ÃŽ »2 present in a dichromatic light source, the two interference patterns are dictated by equation (5) and are superimposed at the detector. The maxima in the combined interference patterns then, occur at displacements when each separate interference pattern is maximized, that is, when the optical path difference is an integer multiple of both ÃŽ »1 and ÃŽ »2. The minima of the combined interference patterns occur directly between the maxima for symmetry reasons. Supposing d1 is a displacement which gives maximal (or minimal) fringe visibility in the field of view, then the next displacement which gives maximal fringe visibility occurs when for some integer n. In words, it is required that the shorter wavelength wave shift one fringe more than the more slowly varying long wavelength in the course of a full period of beats. This can be solved for n as and subsequent substitution of equation (8) back into equation (7) gives By donating ÃŽ »ave as the average wavelength, if the wavelength separation is small, the small quantities à Ã‚ µ and ÃŽ ´ are defined [5] Assuming the intensities of the two wavelengths are equal Then, And finally This gives a way of determining the wavelength separation given the average of the wavelength. If it is assumed that the intensities are approximately the same, then the average is centered between ÃŽ »1 and ÃŽ »2. Procedure A schematic of the experimental setup is presented in Fig. 3. The first light source of the experiment was a Mercury lamp with a wavelength of 546.1 nm and a green color. The angle of the stationary mirror was constantly adjusted during the experiment to ensure that the center point was in the field of view. In the first part of the experiment it was attempted to measure the wavelength of the green light produced by the mercury lamp. In order to do that, the movable mirror was slowly moved from a starting position and the number of fringes coming in or going out was counted. The position where the 50th fringe was counted was recorded as the distance d and equation (6) was used to estimate the wavelength of the light. It was noted that the micrometer was attached to a 5:1 lever which meant that the readings of the micrometer should be divided by 5 to show the actual displacement of the mirror. Since the accuracy of the micrometer was 5 micrometers, the accuracy of displacement readings was 1 micrometer. As the last part of the experiment a yellow Sodium lamp was used that emitted two very closely spaced yellow lines at 589.0 nm and 589.6 nm. A similar procedure to the Hg lamp was used to estimate the average wavelength of the light by counting 50 fringes and measuring the distance. The beating phenomenon resulting from these two close wavelengths were observed and the distance between two consecutive minima points (where the fringes were very blurry an almost unrecognizable) was measured. The number of fringes that would happen during this distance was estimated by extrapolating the distance that the 50 fringes were measured for and equations (8) and (14) were used to calculate the difference between the two present wavelengths. The uncertainties in calculating this difference was also estimated. Results and Discussion In order to measure the wavelength of the green light produced by the Hg lamp, the displacement that caused 50 fringes between them was measured. The micrometer was set at 11.00 mm as the starting point and after counting 50 fringes entering the field of view, the reading of the micrometer was 11.07 mm. Since the smallest unit of measurements was 0.01 mm or 10  µm, the uncertainty of this readings was assumed to be 5  µm. It was noted that since the micrometer was connected to the mirror through a 5:1 lever, the actual displacement of the mirror was one fifth of this reading. Then, equation (6) was used to calculate the wavelength To calculate the uncertainties The known value of the wavelength of this green light, 546.1 nm is within the errors of this measurement and a 2.5% difference was seen between the known and measured values which is a relatively small error. A similar procedure was carried out to measure the average wavelength of the dichromatic light. Once again, the point of 11.00 mm was selected as the starting point and after counting 50 fringes, the finishing point was again very close to 11.07 mm. Then, by applying the same calculation method the value for measured wavelength and its uncertainty were found. Similarly, the actual known values for this light, 589.0 nm and 589.6, are within the bounds of uncertainty and show a 5% difference from the measured value. As the next step, in order to find the difference between the two present wavelengths in the light, the distance between two minima points in the beating phenomenon was measured. The point of minima was found by looking at the fringes and choosing the point that the fringes were the least visible. The two consecutive readings from the micrometer for the minima points were 15.15 mm and 16.62 mm. Using equation (14) and putting the measured value for wavelength The uncertainty in this calculation can be found from And the known value of this difference, 0.6 nm, is within the range of uncertainty. Some of the sources of error in this measurements include the accuracy of the micrometer, the backlash of the micrometer, the quality of the mirrors and their respective reflection coefficient. Another issue with the Michelson interferometer is that the width of the fringes are relatively broad and that makes this device less accurate. Using a similar concept, Fabrey and Perot introduced a new interferometric device in 1897 that could improve some of the issues observed in Michelson interferometer. Simply, in Fabrey-Perot interferometer the light passes through a pair of parallel mirrors and undergoes multiple reflection and the interference of these light rays creates highly well-defined interference fringes. The main advantage of this new interferometer was that the fringes were significantly thinner and this meant higher accuracy in measurement and resolving ability. As an example, FIG. 4 compares the monochromatic and dichromatic fringes observed each of the Michelson and Fabrey-Perot interferometers. It is evident that the broader fringes in Michelson interferometer results in the dichromatic fringes in (b) being undistinguishable. Conclusions The Michelson interferometer was investigated and its working concept and two sample applications of this device were practically examined. The wavelength of the green light produced by the Hg lamp was measured using this interferometer to be 560.0 ±40.4 nm which was close to the actual value of the wavelength, 546.1 nm, and with only a 2.5% difference between the experimental and known value. As another example application, the difference in the two present wavelengths in a yellow light produced by a Na lamp were measured and the beat phenomenon was observed. The difference was found to be 0.533 ±0.077 nm and was very close to known value of 0.6 nm. The accuracy of the micrometer, the backlash in micrometer, the quality of the mirrors and the splitters were discussed as some of the possible sources of error in measurements. It was also pointed out the breadth of the fringes in Michelson interferometer is one of the inherent causes of limited accuracy of this interferometer. Finally some sample results from Michelson and Fabry-Perot interferometer were compared to further show the inaccuracy of Michelson interferometer in measuring two very close wavelength in a dichromatic light. References [1] Electronic mail: [emailprotected] [2] http://www.egr.msu.edu/me/